Science Calculators — Physics & Chemistry Formulas
Physics and chemistry calculators — density, molarity, kinetic energy, wave speed and lab conversions, with units checked in every step.
Physics and chemistry calculations with the constants and units spelled out: which gas constant the ideal-gas tool assumes, which half-life convention the decay calculator uses, what density formula sits behind the result. Worked examples use real-world magnitudes so you can sanity-check your own inputs.
Ohm's Law Calculator
Calculate voltage, current, resistance, power
Density Calculator
Calculate density from mass and volume
Force Calculator
Calculate force (F=ma)
Pressure Calculator
Calculate pressure
Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate kinetic energy
Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate gravitational PE
pH Calculator
Calculate pH from concentration
Ideal Gas Law
Calculate PV=nRT
Momentum Calculator
Calculate momentum (p=mv)
Doppler Effect Calculator
Calculate frequency shift
Half-Life Calculator
Calculate radioactive decay
Wavelength Calculator
Calculate wavelength
Acceleration Calculator
Calculate acceleration
Power Calculator
Calculate power (P=W/t)
Velocity Calculator
Calculate velocity
Free Fall Calculator
Calculate falling time and speed
Specific Heat Calculator
Calculate heat energy
Lens Calculator
Calculate lens magnification
Coulomb's Law
Calculate electric force
Frequency Calculator
Calculate frequency from period
Energy-Mass Equivalence
E=mc² calculator
Molar Mass Calculator
Calculate molar mass of compounds
Work Calculator
Calculate work done (W=Fd)
Gravitational Force Calculator
Calculate gravitational attraction between masses
Escape Velocity Calculator
Calculate escape velocity of a planet
Molarity Calculator
Calculate solution molarity
Solution Dilution Calculator
Calculate dilution C1V1=C2V2
Electric Field Calculator
Calculate electric field from point charge
Newton's Second Law
F = ma — force, mass, or acceleration
Electrical Power
P = VI, P = I²R, or P = V²/R
Speed of Sound
Sound speed in different media and temperatures
Wavelength ↔ Frequency
Convert between wavelength and frequency
Kepler's Third Law
Orbital period from semi-major axis
Radioactive Decay
N = N₀e^(-λt) decay calculations
Hooke's Law / Spring Force
F = -kx — spring force and potential energy
Centripetal Acceleration
a = v²/r — circular motion
Orbital Velocity
v = √(GM/r) for a circular orbit
Heat Transfer Rate
Q = mcΔT — thermal energy
Boyle's Law
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ — pressure-volume relationship
Combined Gas Law
P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
Wave Speed Calculator
v = fλ — wave speed from frequency and wavelength
Moment of Inertia
Rotational inertia of common shapes
Buoyancy Force
Archimedes: F = ρVg — buoyant force
Hydrostatic Pressure
P = ρgh — pressure at depth in a fluid
Solar Energy Calculator
Energy output of a solar panel system
Reynolds Number
Re = ρvL/μ — flow regime
Bernoulli Equation
P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant
Projectile Motion
Range, max height and flight time at a launch angle
Formulas, worked examples aur edge cases ke liye: Science guides
Frequently asked questions
Which gas assumptions do these calculators use?
Gas calculations assume ideal-gas behaviour, with molar volume quoted at a stated temperature and pressure — usually standard conditions. Real gases drift from this near high pressure or low temperature, so treat the result as an ideal-case figure and note the conditions alongside it.
How many significant figures should I keep?
Keep one more digit than your least precise input during the working, then round the final answer to match that least precise input. Rounding at every intermediate step compounds error, so hold the extra digit until the end.
Why do my units not cancel out?
That is the quickest way to catch a mistake. If the units left over are not the units you expected — for example grams where you wanted moles — then a conversion factor was inverted or omitted. Writing the units next to every number makes this visible immediately.
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